Testing the structure and process of personality using ambulatory assessment data : an overview of within-person and person-specific techniques

In the present article, we discuss the potential of ambulatory assessment for an idiographic study of the structure and process of personality. To this end, we first review important methodological issues related to the design and implementation of an ambulatory assessment study in the personality domain, including methods of ambulatory assessment, frequency of measurement and duration of the study, ambulatory assessment scales and questionnaires, participant selection, training and motivation, and ambulatory assessment hard- and software. Next, we provide a detailed outline of available analytical approaches that can be used to analyze the intensive longitudinal data generated by an ambulatory assessment study. By doing this, we hope to familiarize personality scholars with these methods and to provide guidance for their use in the field of personality psychology and beyond

The relevance of schizotypal traits for understanding interpersonal functioning in adolescents with psychiatric problems.

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PENGARUH TEKANAN DAN LAMA PENUGASAN TERHADAP INDEPENDENSI AUDITOR EKSTERNAL PEMERINTAH

Many factors can affect the independence of auditor. This study aims to determine the effect of fidelity pressure, time pressure, and assignment range towards auditor independence of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. The study used primary data derived from respondents who are auditors on the Audit Board of Indonesia Representative of Provinsi Bali. This study used four variables. Three variables are fidelity pressure, time pressure, and assignment range, thence one dependent variable is auditor independence. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression test. The results showed that fidelity pressure had negative effect on auditor independence, and time pressure had a possitive effect towards auditor independence. Meanwhile assignment range did not gave a significant effect to auditor independence

Childhood abuse and adult sociocognitive skills : distinguishing between self and other following early trauma

Experience of childhood abuse (CA) impairs complex social functioning in children; however, much less is known about its effects on basic sociocognitive processes and even fewer studies have investigated these in adult survivors. Using two behavioral tasks, this study investigated spontaneous theory of mind (ToM) and imitative behavior in 41 women with CA and 26 unaffected comparison (UC) women. In the spontaneous ToM task, UCs showed a larger ToM index than CAs, indicating more facilitation by knowledge of another's false belief. In the imitation-inhibition task, CAs experienced less interference than UCs when observing another's incongruent movements. After controlling for depression, differences in ToM became marginally significant, yet remained highly significant for inhibiting imitative behavior. The findings suggest CA survivors have altered perspective-taking and are less influenced by others' perspectives, potentially due to changes in self-other distinction. Clinical implications regarding therapeutic practice with survivors of CA are discussed

Exploring the complexity of the childhood trait-psychopathology association: continuity, pathoplasty and complication effects

Four different models have been generally proposed as plausible etiological explanations for the relation between personality and psychopathology, namely, the vulnerability, complication, pathoplasty, and spectrum or continuity model. The current study entails a joint investigation of the continuity, pathoplasty, and complication models to explain the nature of the associations between early maladaptive traits and psychopathology over time in 717 referred and community children (54.4% girls), aged from 8 to 14 years. Across a 2-year time span, maladaptive traits and psychopathology were measured at three different time points, thereby relying on comprehensive and age-specific dimensional operationalizations of both personality symptoms and psychopathology. The results demonstrate overall compelling evidence for the continuity model, finding more focused support for pathoplasty and complication effects for particular combinations of personality symptoms and psychopathology dimensions. As expected, the continuity associations were found to be more robust for those personality-psychopathology associations that are conceptually closer, such as the emotional instability/introversion-internalizing problems association and the disagreeableness-externalizing problems association. Continuity associations were also stronger when personality was considered from a maladaptive rather than from a general trait perspective. The implication of the findings for the treatment of psychopathology and personality symptoms are briefly discussed

Integrating oddity traits in a dimensional model for personality pathology precursors

Current dimensional measures of early personality pathology (e. g., the Dimensional Personality Symptom Item Pool, DIPSI; De Clercq, De Fruyt, Van Leeuwen, & Mervielde, 2006) describe personality difficulties within a 4-dimensional framework. The present study corroborates recent evidence on the relevance of including a 5th Oddity-related domain for a more comprehensive description of personality pathology, and presents the construction of an empirically based taxonomy of early Oddity features. Psychometric and factor analytic procedures were conducted on self-and maternal ratings of adolescents (N = 434), resulting in 4 internally consistent facets that empirically collapse in 1 higher-order "Oddity" factor. From a structural perspective, this Oddity factor emerged as a clear 5th factor beyond the earlier proposed 4-dimensional structure of child and adolescent personality pathology. Significant associations of Oddity with both general and maladaptive trait equivalents support the construct validity of this 5th factor, and challenge current hypotheses on the applicability of the continuity hypothesis on general and maladaptive trait variance within the openness field. The results further suggest that Oddity traits are meaningfully associated with general psychopathology at a young age. These findings are discussed in terms of the importance of including a 5th Oddity-related factor in dimensional models of developmental personality pathology in order to acquire a more comprehensive description of the building blocks that underlie early personality difficulties

A five-factor model of developmental personality pathology precursors

There is growing consensus that the dimensional structure of early personality pathology can be organized within a similar framework as in adults (De Clercq, De Fruyt, Van Leeuwen, & Mervielde, 2006; Tromp & Koot, 2008). From this perspective, the Dimensional Personality Symptom Itempool (DIPSI) was recently expanded from a 4- to a 5-dimensional trait structure (Verbeke & De Clercq, 2014), including Disagreeableness, Emotional Instability, Introversion, Compulsivity, and Oddity. This developmental maladaptive trait structure is in need of further research, however, before it can be accepted as a valid framework for describing early manifestations of personality dysfunction. By use of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) analyses, the current study explored the fit of the 5-factor DIPSI framework across 4 different samples (N = 1456), and replicated 5 higher-order factors that demonstrated scalar invariance across age and metric invariance across informants and clinical status. These results underscore the robustness of 5 underlying dimensions of personality pathology at a young age and highlight adequate psychometric properties of the proposed DIPSI measure for describing childhood personality pathology precursors

The relative contribution of a typological versus a dimensional approach for understanding youth obsessive-compulsive symptoms

In order to better understand the heterogeneous nature of Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) symptoms, a typological or a dimensional approach can be used to structure the variety of symptoms into a set of core components. However, there is still no consensus on which approach is the most robust to predict several OC-related criterion measures, especially in adolescents. From this perspective, the current study empirically identified OC classes (i.e., types), and explored whether types or dimensions are the strongest predictors of adolescent OC-related criterion variables. To identify OC classes, we conducted latent class analysis on the Youth Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Scale (YOCSS; De Caluw, and De Clercq 2014) that was completed by 682 community and referred adolescents (71.4 % girls, 12-18 years old, mean age = 15.67, SD = 1.53), and we also computed OC dimension scores as outlined in De Caluw, and De Clercq (2014). We subsequently used hierarchical regression analysis to examine the incremental validity of the OC classes beyond the OC domains, and vice versa, in predicting several OC-related criterion variables that were completed by the adolescents or their mothers (N = 325). The results indicated that the two identified OC classes only differed quantitatively but not qualitatively, hence reflecting severity classes, and also showed that OC domains have significant effects beyond the effects of the OC classes, whereas the reverse did not hold. The dimensional approach appears to have the strongest predictive value for OC symptomatology in adolescents, leading to clinical implications for conceptualization and assessment of obsessive and compulsive problems in younger age groups

Cost-sensitive Learning for Profit-driven Credit Scoring

status: accepte